'

'-₁   ep. epenthetic consonant which occurs to prevent some preverb-final vowels from making contact with a following vowel; this element always follows sáa- 'not' when it precedes a vowel. Ésáa-'-áahtomónéhe. He didn't listen. (cf. ésáa-manéhe 'He didn't drink.').

'-₂   tns. oblique in conjunct order verbs. In independent verbs this block refers to a "distant" past. The degree of distance in the past of h- varies according to context and the point of view of the speaker. Remote past can be farther back in time than one year or more. Forms unmarked for tense are either present tense or recent past, for example, énéméne 'he is singing' or 'he sang.' The /h-/ changes to x, ', s, or š, depending on what letter follows: x before h, ' before a vowel, s before s, and š before š. In dependent (conjunct) verbs this marks location and cause, as well as tense, so for the conjunct we give it the technical label of an oblique. allomorph of /h/ 'past tense' between vowels. É'-áahtomónėsesto. They were listening (reportative). É-hnéméne. He sang. (note Énéméne 'He is singing' or 'He sang (recent past)'). É-xhonótovȯsesto. They cooked him. (reportative mode). É-'éenéšeohtsésesto. There were two of them. (reportative mode). É-ssévanóhoono. They slid. (preterite mode). Phon: Allomorphs are s- and š- (by assimilation to the following sound) and '- and x- (by dissimilation). See: h-₂ ‘tense, location, cause’; -htse₁ ‘future’; h- ‘past tense’; '-₁ ‘epenthetic vowel’. Category: grammar.

-'á   fti. by foot (or body). Éávevo'ē-'a. He knocked it over (with his body). Éé'é-'a. He broke it with his foot. fta: -'ov.

-'ahtá   fti. taste. Nápėhévé-'áhta. I like its taste. Éhoháe-'ȧhtánóvo ho'évohkȯhtse. They really go for the taste of meat. Émé'-áhta. He recognized its taste. Énané-'áhta. He recognized it by its taste. Éoné-'áhta. He taste-tested it. That is, he tested its taste. fai: -'ȧsené; fta: -'am. Category: taste.

-'ahtse   ni. Gram: poss arm, hand, forearm. includes hand and forearm. ma-'ahtse arm. Plural ma-'ȧhtsenȯtse. na-'ahtse my forearm. Etym: *nexpetwini. na-'ȧhtsenȯtse my forearms. he-'ȧhtsenȯtse his forearms. he-'ȧhtsenevótse their forearms. BodyPartMedial -he'oná ‘hand’; -na'eva ‘arm’. See: -ahtsená ‘mouth’. Etym: *mexpetwini. Category: body.

-'a'o   ni. Gram: poss shin (poss.) ma-'ā'o a shin. na-'ā'o my shin. Etym: *neθkaθkwani. na-'a'onȯtse my shins. [Croft] he-'ā'o his shin. Plural ma-'a'onȯtse; Medial -a'oná; IndepNoun ve'ȯhkono. Ques: recheck pitch cf Croft ma'a'ónéso 'little shin' See: -vé'ho'á'one. Etym: cf. nexkaxkwani 'my shin'. Category: body.

-'am   fta. taste. Nápėhévé-'ámo. I like the taste of him. fti: -'ahtá. Category: taste.

-'asé   mbp. belly. See: -tonėše; -ome.

-'ȧsené   fai. taste. Éhméhaehoháe'-ȧsēne. He used to really drink. [1987:200] Ée'omé-'ȧsēne. He tasted (s.t.) greasy. fti: -'ahtá.

-'éémá   mbp. snot, mucus, runny nose. É-néhe'éemȧséóhtse. He has a runny nose. Category: nose.

-'éeme   na. Gram: poss snot. ma-'éeme snot. na-'éeme my snot. ne-'éeme your snot. he-'éemo his snot. he-'éemevóho their snot. Ka'ėškóneho tó'kėhahévosėstse he'eemevóho éohkeáahtsé'taomemévovo. When children are young they eat their own snot. Morph: /ma-'ééme/. See: -htátseeme ‘nostril’; he'kone'éemȧsno ‘macaroni’. Category: nose.

-'esé   mbp. rump; buttocks; arse; ass; butt. hóxe-'ėsénéó'o bustle (literally, tie.around-buttocks-(thing)). vé'še-'ėsénȯhestȯtse pants (literally, enclosed-rump-thing). táxe-'ėséestȯtse chair (literally, on-rump-sit-thing). Étáxe-'ėsee'e. He is sitting upon (a chair etc.). Étó'ėse-'ėsévo'ėhāna. She has high heeled shoes. Lit: long-"rump"-shoed Né'eve-'ėsé'hameha! Pull your pants up! Nátóo-'ėsénoo'o. I rear ended them. See: -esé. Category: body.

-'esó   fii. long, length. Éháa-'ēso. It is far away. Étsėhe-'ēso. It is long. Category: size.

-'está₁   mbp. ear. Ématse-'ēsta. He has infected/running ears. Émomá'e-'ėstávose. His ears are red from the cold. Nátoe-'ēsta. My ears are cold. néške-'ēsta chipmunk (lit. perked-ears). Variant: -'kestá₁. See: -htovoo'ȯtse ‘ear (poss.)’. Category: ears, body.

-'está₂   na. Gram: poss vagina, vulva. na-'ēsta my vagina, vulva. Etym: *nexketena. Variant: -'kestá₂; Homonym -'está ‘ear’. Category: sex, vulgar.

-'ėstahe   fai. height, length, high, long. Étsėhe-'ėstahe. He is tall. É-tšėhe'kėstahe. He is short. Éhehpe-'ėstahe. He is taller. fii: -'esó. Category: height, size.

-'évá   m. wife. Éháestȯhe-'éva. He has many wives. Énéše-'éva. He has two wives. Étsėhése-'éva. He has a Cheyenne wife. Émoné-'éva. He chose a wife. É-nȯhtse-'éva. He is looking for a wife. [pd1109] É-nȧha'éva. ?? He caught a wife. Énȧha-'évaa'e. He is sitting with his wife. Énȧha-'éváóó'e. He is standing with his wife. Énȧha'-éváxe. He is sleeping/lying with his wife. Énéhé-'éva. He followed/trailed his wife. Variant: -(a)'évá; Masculine -éhamá. Category: marriage, check.

-'evo   ni. Gram: poss nose. ma-'evo a nose. na-'evo my nose. Etym: *nexkiwani. he-'evo his nose. Plural ma-'evonȯtse; Medial -esé. Morph: /ma-'evon/. Etym: *mexkiwani. Category: body, nose.

-'exa   ni. Gram: poss eye. ma-'exa eye. Plural ma-'éxánėstse. na-'exa my eye. na-'éxánėstse my eyes. BodyPartMedial -'éxané; Oblique ma-'éxáá'e. Morph: /na-'éšen/. Etym: *neški·nšekwi. Category: eyes.

'éxae   ni. Gram: poss eye. na'éxaenōtse our (excl) eyes.

-'éxané   mbp. eye. Éotá'tave-'éxáne. He has blue eyes. Éó'kȯhoméheve-'éxáne. He is sly/he cheats. Lit: He has coyote eyes. Éma'e-'éxáne. His eye(s) is/are red/bloodshot. Etym: *meçkwiški·nšekwe·wa. Émomá'e-'éxáne. He has red/bloodshot eyes. Nánomone-'éxáne. I have sleepy eyes. Émamée-'éxanénahtse. He rubbed his (own) eyes. Stem -'éxa. Category: eyes.

-'haenȯtse   na. Gram: poss sputum, spit, spittle, phlegm. na-'haenȯtse my phlegm. he-'haenoto his sputum. Etym: *weɁθekwenayi ‘phlegm, sputum’. See: -oese'haná.

-'ha(me)   fna. livestock. especially horses; cattle. originally, for dog, then extended to other domesticated animals. mo'éhno-'ha horse. he'é-'hame mare (literally, female-horse). vóhpo-'ha white horse. Phon: -me elides when word-final, for example, when singular. Category: livestock.

-'hamé   m. livestock. especially horses or cattle. Évoneotsé-'háme. He lost his herd. Variant: -(o)'hamé. Category: livestock, horses.

-'hame   na. Gram: poss cross-niece. Gram: poss. This is a man's sister's daughter or a woman's brother's daughter. She is called "niece" when speaking English in the Cheyenne system. na-'hāme my cross-niece. na-'hameho my cross-nieces. ná-'hame cross-niece (voc.) ne-'hāme your cross-niece. he-'hameho his cross-niece. tséhe-'hamėhéto the one who is my cross-niece. na-'hamasėstse cross-nieces (voc.) vai: -he-'hamehe. See: -htónȧhamóone. Etym: *neʔθem-. Category: relatives.

-'haná   fai. eat. Variant: -e'haná. Category: eat.

-'háononá   mbp. popliteal (back of knee). Nėstsenoné'ke-'háónóna. You'll be dirty back of your knees. (When short skirts came into style, Cheyenne women would tease each other saying this; the dirtiness could be from dust or dirt; the word refers to being streaked as with a dirty streaked face; the connotation could even be (especially was?) of being streaked with urine.) Category: body.

'heóneve   fai. characterized as. Énėševátsėstȧhé-'heóneve He is a merciful person. Émané-'heóneve. He is a drunkard. See: -éve. Category: personality.

-'kestá₁   mbp. ear. Variant: -'está₁; Homonym -'kestá₂ ‘vagina’. Category: ears, body.

-'kestá₂   na. Gram: poss vagina, vulva. ma-'kēsta vagina, vulva. na-'kēsta my vagina, vulva. Etym: *nexketena. Usage: This variant may be more commonly used than -'está. Variant: -'está₂. he-'kėstáne her vagina, vulva. Plural ma-'(k)ėstáne; BodyPartMedial -ahá; Variant: -'está₂; Homonym -'kestá₁ ‘ear’. See: -só'é; -xó'é; -má'ko'seo'o; -nėstané₁ ‘knee’. Etym: O nikidin ‘my vulva (N)’. Category: sex, body, vulgar.

-'kėstané   mbp. vagina. É-ónėše'kėstanéóhtse She has pain in the vagina. See: -ahá. Category: body.

-'néh   na. Gram: poss older brother. Gram: poss. nē-'ne your older brother. (another recording) ne-'neho your older brothers. he-'neho his (or her) older brother(s). he-'néhevóho their older brother(s). tséhe-'néhéto the one who is my older brother. na-'neha older brother (common noun and vocative). na-'néhasėstse my older brothers (voc.; said when addressing them). vai: -he-'nehe; vta: -he-'néhé'tov. See: meh. Category: relatives.

-'ó   f. lurch. Nátaésėhe'oná-'o. I put my hand in quickly. [Fishing.021] Ques: quickly See: -a'ó.

-'óhta   ni. Gram: poss forehead. Gram: poss. ma-'ohta a forehead. na-'ohta my forehead. Etym: *neθkantekwi. he-'óhtáne on his forehead. [Deer Meat.034] Mó'ȯhkevá'netoo'ėstsėhéhe hétsėhéóhe he-'óhtáá'e hevóhtáne. He used to tie his skin up on his forehead. [1987:287] Morph: /ma-'óhtan/. Usage: sg. not commonly used, but obl. fairly well known ?? Category: check. Plural ma-'óhtánėstse; Oblique ma-'óhtáá'e. Etym: *meška·htekwi. Category: body.

-'óhtá ??    Category: check.

fii. declare s.t. to be . See: -'ót ??. Category: check, speak.

-'óhtané   mbp. forehead. Náónėše-'óhtanéóhtse. My forehead hurts. Ho'honáeve-'óhtanéhe Stone Forehead (name). Éohaséve-'óhtáne. He has a shiny forehead. Category: body.

-'om ??   m. hill ?? hesé-'ome ridge. tséstovó'-oma'ene cut-through hill (especially for road construction). tséššéstotó'evo-'omēno where there are pine trees on the hill. See: -ose; -om. Category: environment.

-'ót    Category: check.

fta. declare s.o. . Épėhévo'-ótóho Ma'heóneva. oto?? He praised God. (lit., called him good). Category: check. Épėhéve'-oto. ?? He honored him (lit., called him good). Category: check. Náhávėsévo'-óto.  ?? I regard him as bad. Category: check. Náma'heónevo'-óto. I praise him (declare him to be God). Néoseehoháe'-otoo'o.  ?? You caused them much loneliness. (1987:296). Category: check. É-háo'-oto He bragged about him. fti: -óhtá ??. Category: check. See: -átam. Category: cognition.

-'ov   fta. by foot (or body). Ná-toe'ōvo I held him down with my foot. Éé'e-'ovóho. He broke him with his foot. Éamó'a-'óvahtse. He bicycled. (literally, he-along-roll-by.foot-REFL) ?? fti: -'á. Etym: *netahkweskawa·wa. See: -a'ov. Category: check, body.

-'ovóhponahe   vai. be exacting. éhoháe-'ovóhponahe He is an honest person. Phon: contraction of -vovóhponahe See: -vovóhponahe.

-'pa'o   ni. Gram: poss back. of body. na-'pa'o my back. ma-'pa'o a back. Etym: *nenexθkwani. he-'pa'o his/her back. Plural ma'pa'onȯtse. he-'pa'onéome behind the house. He-'pa'onevo éohkeamėhóheo'o. You walk behind them (in back of medicine people). BodyPartMedial -'pa'oná. Category: body.

-'pa'oná   mbp. back (of body). Éé'e-'pa'ōna. His back is broken. Éhese-'pa'onáotse. He has cramps in his back. Nátó-'pa'onáhno. I punched him in the back. pa'e-'pa'onáhe camel (literally, humpbacked one). See: -htȧhtoónoná. Category: body.

-'seh   fta. cause s.o. to. Nánémené-'sého. I made him sing. Námȯxe'eotsé-'sého. I took his picture. Lit: I caused him to be written (that is, pictured) fti: 'sest. Category: grammar.

-'sestsé   fti. cause s.t. to. Námȯxe'eotsé-'séstse. I took a picture of it. fta: -'seh.

-'sevó   fii. flow. Ques: -e'sevó ?? Éame-'sēvo. It is flowing along. Ééne-'sēvo. It quit flowing. Éhóe-'sēvo. It (the liquid) is flowing out. Éanȯhe-'sēvo. It is running down. Éése-'sēvo. It is flowing into. Ééve-'sēvo. Water is flowing all over. Éháahpe'e-'sēvo. It is flowing a lot. Éháa-'sēvo. It is flowing fast. É-hehpe-'sēvo. It flowed farther. É-ho'e-'sēvo. (The water) arrived flowing. É-hóxove-'sēvo. (The water) flowed across. É-mé'e-'sēvo. It flows into view. Énéma'e-'sēvo. It is a whirlpool. Énėšėške-'sēvo. The water is rippling (as it flows). Énėševe-'sēvo. It (water, especially river) is flowing ("running") fast. Éó'otóme-'sēvo. It (for example, river) is flowing full. Épėhéve'sēvo. It is flowing well. Étáxe-'sēvo. It is flowing over. Évóhke--'sēvo. It is flowing crooked / There is a bend in the river. É-vóone'sēvo. It flowed all night. Móstaetó'tšėšė-háa'ého'ome'sevóhanetséhe. The water was at the widest point. [1987:276] Category: liquid.

-'sevó   fii. flow. Éame-'sēvo. It is flowing along. Éhóe-'sēvo. It is flowing out. Één-e'sēvo. It quit flowing. [1987:276] Éhóxove-'sēvo. (The water) flowed across. Éháahpe'e-'sēvo. It is flowing a lot. Ques: or is it -e'sevó?? Category: liquid, check.

'(š)-   i. free. See: šé(x)-.

-'šeme   fai. noise, sound. Ques: -e'šeme?? Éháe-'šeme. He is making loud sounds. Éhéhpȯhe-'šeme. He is making scary sounds. Éhe'kóse-'šeme. She lulued. Étónėše-'šeme? What sound does he make? Ééškȯse-'šeme. He screamed. Énėhešé-'šeme. He makes sounds that way. Épėhéve-'šeme. His noise sounds good / he is making a good sound. Éhávėséve-'šeme. He is making a bad sound. Éhováheve-'šeme. He sounded like an animal. Éméstaéve'-šeme. He is making an owl sound. Énáhkȯhé-'šeme. He growled like a bear. Évé'kėséheve-'šeme. He is making a sound like a bird. Épóesóneve-'šeme. He meowed. Évéhpe-'šeme. He made a hollow sound. Évóone-'šeme. He made noise all night. See: -évone. Category: sounds, check.

-'t   ft. transitivizer final. This final takes -á to indicate an inanimate object of TI verbs: Nápėhévé-'ta. I took good care of it. This final takes the generic final -ov to indicate that the object of TA verbs is animate: Phon: The /ov/ of this final contracts to /óe/ word-medially in the inverse voice, for example, návovéstomóéne 'he taught us (excl)'. Phon: If the preceding vowel is phonemically high pitched, most verbs requiring the -'tov final take its allomorph -no(t). In the direct voice this final is especially used to mark ai+o verbs, namely, intransitive verbs, which are secondarily marked to take a syntactic direct object, as in the following verbs: Nápėhévé-'tóvo. I took good care of him. Nápėhéve-'tova. He took good care of me. Nápėhévé-'tóó'e. They took good care of me. Épėhévé-'tóó'e. They/he (obv) took good care of him (prox). Népėhéve-'toene. He took good care of us (incl). Népėhéve-'toevoo'o. They took good care of you (pl). Náháóéná-'tóvo. I prayed to him. (cf. náháóéna 'I prayed'). Náne'étamé-'tova. He depends on me. (cf. náne'étame 'I depend'). Náne'étame-nȯtse. I depend on him. Éne'étamé-noto. He depends on him. Néné'étamé-none. We (incl) depend on him. Éne'étamé-novo. They depend on him. Námoné-'tova. He chose me. Námone-nȯtse. I chose him. Náhešké-'tova. She has me as mother. (cf. náheške 'I have a mother'). Náheške-nȯtse. She is my mother; I have her as mother. Variant: -no. Etym: *-ʔtaw. fti: -'tá; fta: -'tov. See: -ov; -ev; -no. Category: grammar.

-'tósané   fai. to(ward) people ?? abstract AI final. Éne'étamé-'tȯsáne. He depends on people. Éohkeanoetanó-'tȯsáne. He puts people down. See: -ósané. Category: check.

-'tov   fta. transitive animate final. This final is actually composed of two smaller finals, -'t and -ov. Náháóéná-'tóvo. I prayed to him. Épėhéve-'tovóho. He was good to him. See: -'t; -ov. Category: grammar.

-'xe   f. jerk. Variant: -a'xe. Námȧsóhosóvėhe'ona-'xe. I jerked my hand back hard. [Fishing.025] Category: motion.

'xóve   m. time. Énėšė-só'xóvetseto éohkemé'emetotse hevéhestovevótse. (From then) until now their names are mentioned. [Head Chief and Other Instruction to Children.062] Category: time.

-'xóvevá   m. time. nėhe-'xóvéva then/at that time. tséstaéšenenóve-'xove after a certain amount of time.