Modes

      Indicative

      Éhoo'kōho. It's raining.
      Épéva'e. It's good.
      Étonéto. It's cold.
      Énaóotse. He is sleeping.
      Évóóhta. He saw it.
      Émanēstse. He made it.
      Évóomóho. He saw him.

      Interrogative

      Éhoo'kȯhohe? Is it raining?
      Épéva'ehe? Is it good?
      Étónetohe? Is it cold?
      Énaóotsehe? Is he sleeping?
      Évóohtahe? Did he see it?
      Émanėstsehe? Did he make it?
      Évóomovohe? Did he see him?

      Inferential

      Móhoo'kȯhóhanéhe. It must have rained.
      Mópéva'éhanéhe. It must be good.
      Mótónetȯhanéhe. It must be cold.
      Mónaóotsėhéhe. He must be sleeping.
      Móvóohtȯhéhe. He must have seen it.
      Mómanėstsėhéhe. He must have made it.
      Móvóomȯhevóhe. He must have seen him.

      Inferential interrogative

      Mónėstsenomēne? You will drink (coffee), right?
      Mó'éhoo'kōho? It rained, right?

      Reportative

      Éhoo'kȯhónėse. I've heard it rained.
      Épéva'énėse. I've heard it's good.
      Étónetónėse. I've heard it's cold.
      Énaóotsesėstse. I've heard he's sleeping.
      Évóóhtánȯse. I've heard he saw it.
      Évóomósesto. I've heard he saw him.

      Preterit1 (Surprisal/Mirative)

      Éhoo'kȯhóneho. Oh, it rained!
      Épéva'éneho. Oh, it's good!
      Étónetóneho. Oh, it's cold!
      Énaóotséhoo'o. Oh, he's sleeping!
      Évóohtanoho. Oh, he saw it!
      Émanėstsénoho. Oh, he made it!
      Évóomóhoono. Oh, he saw him.
      Éhvóomóhoono. He saw him (in a legend).

      1Preterit is the label for the cognate forms in other Algonquian languages. The Cheyenne preterit indicates surprise in a current speech context and "social distance" from the narrator in a legend. By the term social distance we are suggesting that the narrator takes no responsibility for the source of the information they are narrating. This does not at all question the historicity of what happened--it's just an indication that the narrator is somehow distanced from the events of that legend. This is more than a distance in time. It has something to do with distance from the evidential source of the information in the legend.


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